Neurologic diseases in New World camelids

Neurologic disease in New World camelids (NWCs) is common, but the available literature regarding these diseases is fairly scarce given the relatively new introduction of camelids into the veterinary community. As NWC practice expands and more research is conducted to better understand these unique animals and their diseases, our ability to diagnose and treat neurologic conditions will likely improve. That said, the following neurologic conditions in NWC are the most common and therefore the most well-studied, and will be discussed in further detail: Meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis), polioencephalomalacia, listeriosis, otitis media/interna, viral encephalitis, and heat stress. As in other species, neurologic disease in NWC may manifest in a variety of ways and may mimic musculoskeletal and metabolic conditions. A systematic approach to evaluation of neurologic NWCs is critical to determine neuroanatomic localization and to obtain an accurate diagnosis.